Xolography for Biomedical Applications: Dual-Color Light-Sheet Printing of Hydrogels With Local Control Over Shape and Stiffness

This work advances volumetric 3D printing by introducing **Xolography**, a dual-color light-sheet process enabling rapid, high-resolution fabrication of hydrogels with spatially tunable mechanical properties. Using a dual photoinitiator system, the team achieved local stiffness control (0.2–16 kPa) and printed centimeter-scale constructs with microscale feature precision. The method supports both natural and synthetic hydrogels (GelMA, PEGDA, NIPAAm), achieving complex architectures in minutes. Applications include bioprinting, stimuli-responsive 4D hydrogels, and dynamic scaffolds for cell-laden tissue engineering.