Shape recoverable and mechanically robust cellulose aerogel beads for efficient removal of copper ions

Mechanical performance of the cellulose aerogel beads was quantified using a CellScale MicroTester G2 configured for uniaxial compression testing in a fully hydrated environment. Individual beads were compressed to strains up to 50% while force, displacement, and real-time imaging were recorded, enabling calculation of stress–strain behavior, energy dissipation, plastic deformation, and cyclic durability. The CellScale system was critical for demonstrating that chemical cross-linking significantly enhanced wet mechanical strength, elasticity, and shape recovery—key properties enabling bead recyclability and structural integrity during adsorption and regeneration processes. These measurements provided direct evidence that the aerogel beads could withstand repeated mechanical loading in realistic aqueous environments.