Microstructured Thermo-Responsive Double Network Granular Hydrogels

Introduces thermo-responsive double network granular hydrogels (TDNGHs) that combine fast actuation and load-bearing capabilities. These hydrogels consist of microporous PNIPAM microfragments connected via a secondary polymer network (PAM or PNIPAM). Porous fragments accelerate temperature-triggered deswelling threefold while maintaining mechanical integrity. Small micropores increased fracture work up to 18-fold without compromising Young’s modulus, while maintaining printability for complex shapes like bilayers and butterflies. Actuation in 70 °C water induced bending, lifting weights up to 85% of the hydrogel’s own mass, and motion of 3D-printed objects, demonstrating potential for soft robotic applications.