Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Dual Crosslinked Meniscal Scaffolds with Enhanced Physical and Biological Properties

This study presents a digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printed meniscal scaffold fabricated from a dual-crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl–tannic acid (GelMA–TA) hydrogel with tunable mechanical, antioxidant, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory properties. The dual network structure achieved compressive moduli closely matching native meniscal tissue (~230 kPa) while maintaining high cell viability (>90%) and chondrogenic differentiation capacity. The GelMA–TA scaffold also promoted M2a macrophage polarization, indicating its immunomodulatory potential for tissue repair. This multifunctional scaffold demonstrates promise for patient-specific meniscal repair and regeneration.