Programmable nanocomposites of cellulose nanocrystals and zwitterionic hydrogels for soft robotics

This study developed zwitterionic hydrogel nanocomposites reinforced with shear-aligned cellulose nanocrystals to enable programmable anisotropy, self-healing, and shape-morphing behavior for soft robotic applications. By controlling nanocrystal orientation, the materials exhibited direction-dependent swelling and mechanical properties that translated into complex, reversible actuation modes. Demonstrations included soft robotic grippers and untethered actuators, highlighting the potential of mechanically programmable hydrogels for adaptive soft robotic systems.