Annealing-Enabled 3D Printing of MXene/Carbon Aerogels with Stability in Harsh Conditions

This study reports an annealing-enabled 3D printing approach to fabricate hierarchical MXene/carbon aerogels designed for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and sensing applications that require long-term performance under harsh environments. The printed aerogels achieved very high EMI shielding effectiveness (reported up to 111.1 dB, with ~100.14 dB maintained across 4–18 GHz) and were engineered to preserve shielding performance after environmental and mechanical/thermal challenges, including long-term storage, intensive sonication, cryogenic exposure (−196°C), high temperature (200°C), cryogenic cycling (−196°C to 20°C), and rapid thermal shock (ΔT = 396°C). The same materials platform was also used to build flexible, sensitive pressure sensors for motion detection and smart-interface concepts, positioning the hierarchical MXene/carbon aerogels as stable candidates for device shielding and wearable/interactive sensing.