3D Printing of Extracellular Matrix-Based Multicomponent, All-Natural, Highly Elastic, and Functional Materials toward Vascular Tissue Engineering

This study developed a multicomponent, all-natural hydrogel bioink composed of alginate, tyramine-modified hyaluronic acid, and decellularized aortic extracellular matrix for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting of vascular constructs. The printed structures exhibited high elasticity, shape recovery, and mechanical durability while supporting endothelial cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory responses. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the composite hydrogels achieved a balance between compliance and robustness suitable for vascular tissue engineering applications.