3D Printed Mesh Geometry Modulates Immune Response and Interface Biology in Mouse and Sheep Model: Implications for Pelvic Floor Surgery

This study presents degradable melt electrowritten (MEW) meshes designed with variable fiber angulation (90°, 45°, 22.5°) to modulate immune response and improve integration for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair. Meshes fabricated from PCL were mechanically characterized and implanted in murine and ovine models to assess degradation, fibrosis, macrophage polarization, and collagen remodeling. The 22.5° hierarchical meshes exhibited superior tensile strength (up to 3.8 MPa), reduced fibrotic encapsulation, and a favorable shift toward anti-inflammatory (CD206⁺ M2) macrophages, with enhanced neo-collagen deposition and tissue integration. These findings demonstrate the critical role of mesh geometry in regulating host response for next-generation degradable implants in pelvic reconstructive surgery.